Cfpeek 1 Introduction 2 Overview of this Manual 3 Tutorial 4 Supported Configuration File Formats 5 Cfpeek Command Line Syntax 6 Exit Codes 7 Scripting 8 How to Report a Bug Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License Concept Index Cfpeek 1 Introduction 2 Overview of this Manual 3 Tutorial 3.1 Basic Notions 3.2 Pathnames 3.3 Example Configuration 3.4 Listing the Entire File 3.5 Statement Lookups 3.6 Pattern Lookups 3.7 Using Various Parsers 3.8 Specifying Nodes to Output 3.9 Using Scripts 3.9.1 Example: Converter to GIT Configuration Format 4 Supported Configuration File Formats 4.1 Grecs Configuration File 4.1.1 Comments 4.1.2 Pragmatic Comments 4.1.3 Statements 4.1.4 Preprocessor 4.2 Path Configuration File 4.3 BIND Configuration File 4.4 DHCPD Configuration File 4.5 MeTA1 Configuration File 4.6 GIT Configuration File 5 Cfpeek Command Line Syntax 5.1 Patterns 5.2 Output Control 5.3 Modifiers 5.4 Scripting Options 5.5 Preprocessor Control Options 5.6 Debugging Options 5.7 Informational Options 6 Exit Codes 7 Scripting 8 How to Report a Bug Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License A.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents Concept Index Cfpeek ****** This edition of the 'Cfpeek User Manual', last updated 6 January 2021, documents Cfpeek Version 1.2. 1 Introduction ************** Many programs keep their configurations in files with hierarchical structure. Such files normally define sections, which keep logically separated blocks of statements. These statements may in turn contain subsections, and so on. On the lowest level of hierarchy are "simple statements", which normally define some basic configuration settings. Quite often a need arises to parse such files outside of their owner program. For example, one may need to retrieve some configuration settings to use them in a start-up script for that program, to produce a similar configuration file with some settings changed in order to use it on another machine, or to convert entire file into another format for interaction with some other utility. 'Cfpeek' is a utility designed to handle any of these tasks. 2 Overview of this Manual ************************* This book consists of the three main parts. The first part is a tutorial, which provides a gentle (as far as possible) introduction for those who are new to 'cfpeek'. The tutorial should help the reader to familiarize himself with the program and to start using it. It does not, however, cover some of the less frequently used features of 'cfpeek'. The chapters that follow complement the tutorial. They describe various input file formats understood by the program and summarize command line syntax and options available to it. These two chapters can be used as a reference by both beginners and for users familiar with the package. 3 Tutorial ********** The following typographic conventions are used throughout this tutorial. In the examples, '$' represents a typical shell prompt. It precedes lines you should type. Both command line and lines which represent the program output are shown in 'this font'. The Scheme code is shown as follows: (do it) In examples, the => symbol indicates the value of a variable or result of a function invocation, as in: x => 2 3.1 Basic Notions ================= A structured configuration file contains entities of two basic types. First of them is "simple statement". A simple statement conceptually consists of an "identifier" (or "keyword") and a "value". Depending on the syntactic requirements, some special token may be required between them (such as an equals sign, for example), or at the end of the statement. The "value", though we use the term in singular, is not necessarily a single scalar value, it may as well be a list of values (the exact form of that list depends on the particular syntax of the configuration file). Another basic entity is "compound statement", also known as "block statement" or "section". Compound statement is used for logical grouping of other statements. It consists of identifier, an optional tag and a list of statements. The tag, if present, is similar to the value in simple statements. The same notes that we made about values apply to tags as well. Tags serve to discern between the statements having the same identifier. The "list of statements" may include statements of both kinds: simple as well as compound ones. Thus, compound statements form a tree-like structure of arbitrary depth, with simple statements as leaf nodes. Each compound statement can have any number of "subordinate statements", which are called its "child" statements. Each statement (no matter simple or compound) has only one "parent statement", i.e. a compound statement of which it is a child. A special implicit statement, called "root statement", serves as the parent for the statements at the topmost level of hierarchy. 3.2 Pathnames ============= Given this hierarchical structure, each statement can be identified by the list of keywords and values (when present) of all compound statements that must be traversed in order to reach that statement. Such a list, written according to a set of conventions, is called a "full pathname" of the statement. The conventions are: 1. Pathname is written from top down. 2. An untagged statement is represented by its identifier. 3. A tagged statement is represented by its identifier, immediately followed by an equals sign, followed by the tag. 4. Identifiers and values which contain whitespace, double quotes or dots are enclosed in double quotes. 5. Within double quotes, a double quote is represented as '\"' and a backslash is represented as '\\'. 6. Pathname components are separated by dots. A pathname which begins with a component separator ('.') is called "absolute pathname" and identifies the statement with relation to the topmost level of hierarchy. A pathname beginning with an identifier is called "relative" and identifies the statement in relation to the statement represented by that identifier. Examples of absolute pathnames are: .database.description .acl=global.deny .view=external.zone=com.type Examples of relative pathnames are: description zone=com.type 3.3 Example Configuration ========================= The following configuration file will assist us in further discussion. Its syntax is fairly straightforward: A simple statement is written as identifier followed value. The two parts are separated by any amount of whitespace. Simple statements are terminated by semicolon. A compound statement is written as identifier followed by a list of subordinate statements in curly braces. A tag (if present) is put between the identifier and the opening curly brace. These syntax conventions roughly correspond to the "Grecs configuration format", which 'cfpeek' assumes by default (*note grecs::). user smith; group mail; pidfile "/var/run/example"; logging { facility daemon; tag example; } program a { command "a.out"; logging { facility local0; tag a; } } program b { command "b.out"; wait yes; pidfile /var/run/b.pid; } Example 3.1: Sample configuration file 3.4 Listing the Entire File =========================== The only argument 'cfpeek' requires is the name of the file to parse. If no other arguments are given, it produces on the standard output a listing of that file in "pathname-value" form. Each simple statement in the input file is represented by a single line in the output listing. The line consists of two main parts: the full pathname of that statement and its value. The two parts are separated by a colon and space character. For example: $ cfpeek sample.conf .user: smith .group: mail .pidfile: /var/run/example .logging.facility: daemon .logging.tag: example .program="a".command: a.out .program="a".logging.facility: local0 .program="a".logging.tag: a .program="b".command: b.out .program="b".wait: yes .program="b".pidfile: /var/run/b.pid This output can be customized via the '--format' ('-H') command line option. This option takes a list of "output flags", each of which modifies some aspect of the output. Most output flags are boolean, i.e. they enable or disable the given feature. To disable the feature, the flag must be prefixed with 'no'. To list only the pathnames, use $ cfpeek --format=path sample.conf .user .group .pidfile .logging.facility .logging.tag .program="a".command .program="a".logging.facility .program="a".logging.tag .program="b".command .program="b".wait .program="b".pidfile The default output is equivalent to '--format=path,value,descend'. The flags 'path' and 'value' mean to print the pathname of the statement and its value. The 'descend' flag affects the output of compound nodes. If this flag is set and a node matching the key is a compound node, 'cfpeek' will output this node and all nodes below it (i.e. its descendant nodes). The 'descend' flag is meaningful only if at least one lookup key is supplied. You can also use '--format' to change the default component delimiter. For example, to use slash to delimit components: $ cfpeek --format=delim=/ sample.conf /user: smith /group: mail /pidfile: /var/run/example /logging/facility: daemon /logging/tag: example /program="a"/command: a.out /program="a"/logging/facility: local0 /program="a"/logging/tag: a /program="b"/command: b.out /program="b"/wait: yes /program="b"/pidfile: /var/run/b.pid 3.5 Statement Lookups ===================== When given more than one argument, 'cfpeek' treats the rest of arguments as "search keys". It then searches for statements with pathnames matching each of the keys and outputs them. A key can be either a pathname, or a pattern. The following command looks for the 'pidfile' statement at the topmost level of hierarchy and prints it: $ cfpeek sample.conf .pidfile .pidfile: /var/run/example As you see, it uses the same output format as with full listings. If you wish to change it, use the '--format' option, introduced in the previous section. For example, to retrieve only the value: $ cfpeek --format=value sample.conf .pidfile /var/run/example This approach is quite common when 'cfpeek' is used in shell scripts. It will be illustrated in more detail below. If a key is not found, 'cfpeek' prints a message on the standard error and starts searching for the next key (if any). When all keys are exhausted, the program exits with status 1 to indicate that some of them have not been found. To suppress the diagnostics output, use the '--quiet' ('-q') option. To illustrate all this, the following example shows how to use 'cfpeek' in a start-up script to check whether a program has already been started and to bring it down, if requested: #! /bin/sh pidfile=`cfpeek -q --format=value sample.conf .pidfile` if test -f $pidfile; then pid=`head -1 $pidfile` else pid= fi case $1 in start) if test -n "$pid"; then echo >&2 "the program is already running" else # start the program sample-start fi ;; status) if test -n "$pid"; then echo "program is running at pid $pid" else echo "program is not running" fi ;; stop) test -n "$pid" && kill -TERM $pid ;; esac 3.6 Pattern Lookups =================== Apart from literal pathname, a "pathname pattern" is allowed as a key. A pattern can contain "wildcards" in place of path components. Two wildcards are defined: '*' and '%'. A '%' matches any single keyword: $ cfpeek sample.conf .%.pidfile .program="b".pidfile: /var/run/b.pid A '*' wildcard matches zero or more keywords appearing in its place: $ cfpeek sample.conf .*.pidfile .pidfile: /var/run/example .program="b".pidfile: /var/run/b.pid In addition to these wildcards, tags in a pattern can contain traditional globbing patterns, as described in *note match filename or pathname: (fnmatch(3))fnmatch. $ cfpeek sample.conf '.program=[ab].pidfile' .program="b".pidfile: /var/run/b.pid Pattern lookups can be disabled using the '--literal' ('-L') command line option. There may be two reasons for doing so. First, literal lookups are somewhat faster, so if you don't need pattern matching using '--literal' can save you a couple of CPU cycles. Secondly, if any of your identifiers contain '*' or '%' characters, you will have to use '--literal' to prevent them from being treated as wildcards. 3.7 Using Various Parsers ========================= 'Cfpeek' can handle input files in various formats. The default one is 'Grecs' format, introduced in previous sections. To process input files of another format, specify the "parser" to use via the '--parser' ('-p') command line option. The argument to this option is one of: 'grecs', 'bind', 'path', 'meta1' or 'git'. *Note Formats::, for a detailed description of each of these formats. For example, to select zone statements from the '/etc/named.conf' file: $ cfpeek --parser=bind /etc/named.conf '.*.zone' 3.8 Specifying Nodes to Output ============================== Sometimes you may need to see not the node which matched the search key, but its parent or other ancestor node. Consider, for example, the following task: select from the '/etc/named.conf' file the names of all zones for which this nameserver is a master. To do so, you will need to find all 'zone.type' statements with the value 'master', ascend to the parent node and print its value. 'Cfpeek' provides several special formatting flags to that effect: 'up', 'down', 'parent', 'child' and 'sibling'. They are called "relative movement" flags, because they select another node in the tree, relative to the position of the current node. The 'up' flag takes an integer number as its argument. It instructs 'cfpeek' to ascend that many parent nodes before actually printing the node. For example, '--format=up=1' means "ascend to the parent of the matched node and print it". This is exactly what we need to solve the above task, since the 'type' statement is a child of a 'zone' statement. Thus, the solution is: cfpeek --format=up=1,nodescend,value --parser=bind \ /etc/named.conf .*.type=master The 'value' flag indicates that we want on output only values, without the corresponding pathnames. The 'nodescend' flag tells 'cfpeek' to not descend into compound statements when outputting them. It is necessary since we want only values of all relevant 'zone' statements, no their subordinate statements. A counterpart of this flag is 'down=N' flag, which descends N levels of hierarchy. The 'parent' flag acts in the similar manner, but it identifies the ancestor by its keyword, instead of the relative nesting level. The statement --format=parent=zone tells 'cfpeek', after finding a matching node, to ascend until a node with the identifier 'zone' is found, and then print this node. The 'child=ID' statement does the opposite of 'parent': it locates a child of the current node which has the identifier ID. Similarly, the 'sibling' keyword instructs 'cfpeek' to find first sibling of the current node wich has the given identifier. For example, to find names of the zone files for all master nodes in the 'named.conf' file: cfpeek --parser bind --format=sibling=file,value /etc/named.conf \ '.*.zone.type=master' A 'file' statement is located on the same nesting level as 'type', for example: zone "example.net" { type master; file "db.example.net"; }; Thus, the above command first locates the 'type' statement, then searches on the same nesting level for a 'file' statement, and finally prints its value. 3.9 Using Scripts ================= 'Cfpeek' offers a scripting facility, which can be used to easily extend its functionality beyond the basic operations, described in previous chapters. Scripts must be written in Scheme, using 'Guile', the "GNU's Ubiquitous Intelligent Language for Extensions". For information about the language, refer to *note (r5rs)Top::. For a detailed description of Guile and its features, see *note Overview: (guile)Top. This section assumes that the reader has sufficient knowledge about this programming language. The scripting facility is enabled by the use of the '--expression' ('-e') of '--file' ('-f' command line options. The '--expression' ('-e') option takes as its argument a Scheme expression, which will be executed for each statement matching the supplied keys (or for each statement in the tree, if no keys were supplied). The expression can obtain information about the statement from the global variable 'node', which represents a node in the parse tree describing this statement. The node contains complete information about the statement, including its location in the source file, its type and neighbor nodes, etc. A number of functions is provided to retrieve that information from the node. These functions are discussed in detail in *note Scripting::. Let's start from the simplest example. The following command prints all nodes in the file: $ cfpeek --expression='(display node)(newline)' sample.conf # # # # # # # # # # # The format shown in this example is the default Scheme representation for nodes. You can use accessor functions to format the output to your liking. For instance, the function 'grecs-node-locus' returns the location of the node in the input file. The returned value is a cons, with the file name as its car and the line number as its cdr. Thus, you can print statement locations with the following command: cfpeek --expr='(let ((loc grecs-node-locus)) (format #t "~A:~A~%" (car loc) (cdr loc)))' \ sample.conf Complex expressions are cumbersome to type in the command line, therefore the '--file' ('-f') option is provided. This option takes the name of the script file as its argument. This file must define the function named 'cfpeek' which takes a node as its argument. The script file is then loaded and the 'cfpeek' function is called for each matching node. Now, if we put the expression used in the previous example in a script file (e.g. 'locus.scm'): (define (cfpeek node) (let ((loc grecs-node-locus)) (format #t "~A:~A~%" (car loc) (cdr loc)))) then the example can be rewritten as: $ cfpeek -f locus.scm sample.conf When both '--file' and '--expression' options are used in the same invocation, the 'cfpeek' function is not invoked by default. In fact, it even does not need to be defined. When used this way, 'cfpeek' first loads the requested script file, and then applies the expression to each matching node, the same way it always does when '--expression' is supplied. It is the responsibility of the expression itself to call any function or functions defined in the file. This way of invoking 'cfpeek' is useful for supplying additional parameters to the script. For example: $ cfpeek -f script.scm -e '(process-node node #t)' input.conf It is supposed that the function 'process-node' is defined somewhere in 'script.scm' and takes two arguments: a node and a boolean. The '--init=EXPR' ('-i EXPR') option provides an initialization expression EXPR. This expression is evaluated once, after loading the script file, if one is specified, and before starting the main loop. Similarly, the option '--done=EXPR' ('-d EXPR') introduces a Scheme expression to be evaluated at the end of the run, after all nodes have been processed. 3.9.1 Example: Converter to GIT Configuration Format ---------------------------------------------------- Here is a more practical example of Scheme scripting. This script converts entire parse tree into a GIT configuration file format. The format itself is described in *note git::. The script traverses entire tree itself, so it must be called only once, for the root node of the parse tree. The root node is denoted by a single dot, so the invocation syntax is: cfpeek -f togit.scm sample.conf . Traversal is performed by the main function, 'cfpeek', using the 'grecs-node-next' and 'grecs-node-down' functions. The 'grecs-node-next' function returns a node which follows its argument at the same nesting level. For example, if N is the very first node in our sample parse tree, then: n => # (grecs-node-next n) => # Similarly, the 'grecs-node-down' function returns the first subordinate node of its argument. For example: n => # (grecs-node-down n) => # Both functions return '#f' if there are no next or subordinate node, correspondingly. The 'grecs-node-type' function is used to determine how to handle that particular node. It returns a "type" of the node given to it as argument. The type is an integer constant, with the following possible values: Type The node is -------------------------------------------------------------------------- grecs-node-root the root (topmost) node grecs-node-stmt a simple statement grecs-node-block a compound (block) statement The 'print-section' function prints a GIT section header corresponding to its node. It ascends the parent node chain to find the topmost node and prints the traversed nodes in the correct order. To summarize, here is the listing of the 'togit.scm' script: (define (print-section node delim) "Print a Git section header for the given node. End it with delim. The function recursively calls itself until the topmost node is reached. " (cond ((grecs-node-up? node) ;; Ascend to the parent node (print-section (grecs-node-up node) #\space) ;; Print its identifier, ... (display (grecs-node-ident node)) (if (grecs-node-has-value? node) ;; ... value, (begin (display " ") (display (grecs-node-value node)))) ;; ... and delimiter (display delim)) (else ;; mark the root node (display "[")))) ;; with a [ (define (cfpeek node) "Main entry point. Calls itself recursively to descend into subordinate nodes and to iterate over nodes on the same nesting level (tail recursion)." (let loop ((node node)) (if node (let ((type (grecs-node-type node))) (cond ((= type grecs-node-root) (let ((dn (grecs-node-down node))) ;; Each statement in a Git config file must ;; belong to a section. If the first node ;; is not a block statement, provide the ;; default [core] section: (if (not (= (grecs-node-type dn) grecs-node-block)) (display "[core]\n")) ;; Continue from the first node (loop dn))) ((= type grecs-node-block) ;; print the section header (print-section node #\]) (newline) ;; descend into subnodes (loop (grecs-node-down node)) ;; continue from the next node (loop (grecs-node-next node))) ((= type grecs-node-stmt) ;; print the simple statement (display #\tab) (display (grecs-node-ident node)) (display " = ") (display (grecs-node-value node)) (newline) ;; continue from the next node (loop (grecs-node-next node)))))))) If run on our sample configuration file, it produces: $ cfpeek -f togit.scm sample.conf . [core] user = smith group = mail pidfile = /var/run/example [logging] facility = daemon tag = example [program a] command = a.out [program a logging] facility = local0 tag = a [program b] command = b.out wait = yes pidfile = /var/run/b.pid 4 Supported Configuration File Formats ************************************** 'Cfpeek' is able to handle input files in several formats. The supported formats differ mostly in syntax. This chapter describes them in detail. If you know of any free software which uses a structured configuration file not understood by 'cfpeek', please let us know (*note Reporting Bugs::). 4.1 Grecs Configuration File ============================ This is the default input format. It is used, e.g., by GNU Dico(1), GNU Mailutils(2), GNU Radius(3), Mailfromd(4) and others. The configuration file consists of statements and comments. There are three classes of lexical tokens: keywords, values, and separators. Blanks, tabs, newlines and comments, collectively called "white space" are ignored except as they serve to separate tokens. Some white space is required to separate otherwise adjacent keywords and values. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) *Note GNU Dico: (dico)Top. (2) *Note GNU Mailutils: (mailutils)Top. (3) *Note GNU Radius: (radius)Top. (4) *Note Mailfromd: (mailfromd)Top. 4.1.1 Comments -------------- "Comments" may appear anywhere where white space may appear in the configuration file. There are two kinds of comments: single-line and multi-line comments. "Single-line" comments start with '#' or '//' and continue to the end of the line: # This is a comment // This too is a comment "Multi-line" or "C-style" comments start with the two characters '/*' (slash, star) and continue until the first occurrence of '*/' (star, slash). Multi-line comments cannot be nested. However, single-line comments may well appear within multi-line ones. 4.1.2 Pragmatic Comments ------------------------ Pragmatic comments are similar to usual single-line comments, except that they cause some changes in the way the configuration is parsed. Pragmatic comments begin with a '#' sign and end with the next physical newline character. '#include ' '#include FILE' Include the contents of the file FILE. There are three possible use cases. If FILE is an absolute file name, the named file is included. An error message will be issued if it does not exist. If FILE contains wildcard characters ('*', '[', ']' or '?'), it is interpreted as shell globbing pattern and all files matching that pattern are included, in lexicographical order. If no files match the pattern, the statement is silently ignored. Otherwise, the form with angle brackets searches for file in the "include search path", while the second one looks for it in the current working directory first, and, if not found there, in the include search path. If the file is not found, an error message will be issued. The default include search path is: 1. 'PREFIX/share/PROGRAM-NAME/1.2/include' 2. 'PREFIX/share/PROGRAM-NAME/include' where PREFIX is the installation prefix. '#include_once ' '#include_once FILE' Same as '#include', except that, if the FILE has already been included, it will not be included again. '#line NUM' '#line NUM "FILE"' This line causes the parser to believe, for purposes of error diagnostics, that the line number of the next source line is given by NUM and the current input file is named by FILE. If the latter is absent, the remembered file name does not change. '# NUM "FILE"' This is a special form of '#line' statement, understood for compatibility with the C preprocessor. In fact, these statements provide a rudimentary preprocessing features. For more sophisticated ways to modify configuration before parsing, see *note Preprocessor::. 4.1.3 Statements ---------------- A "simple statement" consists of a keyword and value separated by any amount of whitespace. Simple statement is terminated with a semicolon (';'). The following is a simple statement: standalone yes; pidfile /var/run/slb.pid; A "keyword" begins with a letter and may contain letters, decimal digits, underscores ('_') and dashes ('-'). Examples of keywords are: 'expression', 'output-file'. A "value" can be one of the following: number A number is a sequence of decimal digits. boolean A boolean value is one of the following: 'yes', 'true', 't' or '1', meaning "true", and 'no', 'false', 'nil', '0' meaning "false". unquoted string An unquoted string may contain letters, digits, and any of the following characters: '_', '-', '.', '/', '@', '*', ':'. quoted string A quoted string is any sequence of characters enclosed in double-quotes ('"'). A backslash appearing within a quoted string introduces an "escape sequence", which is replaced with a single character according to the following rules: Sequence Replaced with \a Audible bell character (ASCII 7) \b Backspace character (ASCII 8) \f Form-feed character (ASCII 12) \n Newline character (ASCII 10) \r Carriage return character (ASCII 13) \t Horizontal tabulation character (ASCII 9) \v Vertical tabulation character (ASCII 11) \\ A single backslash ('\') \" A double-quote. Table 4.1: Backslash escapes In addition, the sequence '\NEWLINE' is removed from the string. This allows to split long strings over several physical lines, e.g.: "a long string may be\ split over several lines" If the character following a backslash is not one of those specified above, the backslash is ignored and a warning is issued. Here-document A "here-document" is a special construct that allows to introduce strings of text containing embedded newlines. The '< for details about the program and its configuration. The syntax is similar to both 'Grecs' and 'Bind' in that it uses curly braces to delimit subordinate statements. The syntax for strings is similar to 'Grecs' (*note quoted string: Statements.). As in 'Grecs', adjacent quoted strings are concatenated to produce a single string. The principal syntactic differences are: * Only '#' comments are understood. * An equal sign is required between identifier and value in simple statements, e.g.: log_level = 12; * List values are enclosed in curly braces. * Here-document is not supported. 4.6 GIT Configuration File ========================== This is the format used by Git (). It is described in detail in *Note CONFIGURATION FILE: (git-config(1))git-config. The syntax is line-oriented. Comments are introduced by '#' or ';' character and extend up to the next physical newline. Statements are delimited by newlines. The syntax for simple statement is: IDENT = VALUE Compound statements or "sections" begin with a "section header", i.e. a full pathname of that section using single space as a separator and enclosed in a pair of square brackets. Any identifier in the path which contains whitespace characters must be quoted using double quotes. Double quotes and backslashes appearing in a section name must be escaped as '\"' and '\\' correspondingly. For example: [section "subsection name" subsubsection] An alternative syntax for section headers is a full pathname of the section using single dot as a separator and enclosed in a pair of square brackets. When this syntax is used, whitespace is not allowed in section names: [section.subsection.subsubsection] A section begins with the section headers and continues until the start of next section or end of file, whichever occurs first. Simple statements must occur only within a section. In other words, each non-empty configuration file must contain at least one section. String values may be entirely or partially enclosed in double quotes, similarly to shell syntax. The following escape sequences are recognized within a value: Sequence Stands for -------------------------------------------------------------------------- '\"' '"' '\\' '\' '\b' Backspace (ASCII 8) '\t' Horizontal tab (ASCII 9) '\n' Newline (ASCII 10) A backslash immediately preceding a newline indicates line continuation. Both characters are removed and the remaining characters are joined with line that follows. 5 Cfpeek Command Line Syntax **************************** The format of 'cfpeek' invocation is: cfpeek OPTIONS FILE [KEYS] where OPTIONS are command line options, FILE is the configuration file to operate upon, and optional KEYS are pathnames of the keywords to locate in that configuration file. If KEYS are supplied, 'cfpeek', for each KEY, looks up in the parse tree for any nodes matching the key and prints them on the standard output. An error message is displayed for any key which has no matching statements in the input file. In this case, program continues iterating over the rest of KEYS. When the list is exhausted, 'cfpeek' will exit with the status 1 (*note Exit Codes::). If either '-f' ('--file') or '-e' ('--expression') has been given, a Scheme expression or the default 'cfpeek' function is evaluated for each matching node. If '-e' ('--expression') is given, the node is passed to it in the global 'node' variable. Otherwise, if '-f' ('--file') is given, the node is passed as argument to 'cfpeek' function. If both '--file=SCRIPT' and '--expression=EXPRESSION' options are given, the script file SCRIPT is loaded first, and the EXPRESSION is evaluated for each matching node. The expression can then refer to any variables and call any functions defined in the SCRIPT. If no keys are supplied, the program operates as if given a single '.*' key (*note Patterns::), which matches any node in the parse tree (i.e., it iterates over the entire parse tree). 5.1 Patterns ============ By default 'cfpeek' treats keys as "wildcard patterns". When matching statement identifiers (keywords), two characters have special meaning: '%' and '*'. A '%' character in place of an identifier matches any single keyword. Thus, e.g.: cfpeek file.conf .%.bar.baz will match '.foo.bar.baz', '.qux.bar.baz', but will not match '.bar.baz' or '.x.y.bar.baz'. A single '*' character in place of a keyword matches zero or more keywords appearing in its place, so that: cfpeek file.conf .*.bar.baz The tags in block statement are matched using the traditional globbing patterns. *Note match filename or pathname: (fnmatch(3))fnmatch. For example, this: cfpeek file.conf .*.program="mh-*" will match any 'program' block statement whose tag begins with 'mh-'. 5.2 Output Control ================== '-H FLAGS' '--format=FLAGS' Set output format flags. The argument is a comma-separated list of format flags and "relative movement" options. Relative movement options select another node, relative to the one found. They are: 'parent=ID' Find a parent of the matching node, which has ID as its identifier. 'child=ID' Find a child of the matching node, which has ID as its identifier. 'child=ID' Find a sibling of the matching node, which has ID as its identifier. 'up=N' Ascend N parent nodes and print the node at which the ascent stopped. 'descend=N' Descend N child nodes. Any number of relative movement options can be specified. They are executed in the order of their appearance in the '--format' statement. For example, '--format=up=2,sibling=foo,child=bar' means: ascend two levels of hierarchy, find a node named 'foo', look for a node named 'bar' among the children of that node and print the result. If evaluation of the relative movement options results in an empty node (e.g. the 'up' option attempts to go past the root of the tree), nothing is output. The 'delim' flag controls how keyword paths is printed: 'delim=CHAR' Sets path component delimiter, instead of the default '.'. The following flags control the amount of information printed for each node. These are boolean flags: when prefixed with 'no' they have the meaning opposite to the described. 'locus' Print source location of each configuration statement. A location is printed as the file name, followed by a semicolon, followed by the line number and another semicolon. Locations are separated from the rest of output by a single space character. 'path' Print statement paths. 'value' Print statement values. 'quote' Always quote string values. 'never-quote' Never quote string values. 'quote-hex' Print non-printable characters as C hex escapes. This option is ignored if 'noquote' is set. 'descend' Descend into subnodes. Set default options. The default format options are: 'path,value,quote,descend'. '-q' '--quiet' Suppress error diagnostics. *Note quiet: Lookups. 5.3 Modifiers ============= The following options modify the way 'cfpeek' processes the parse tree and search keys. '-L' '--literal' Use literal matching, instead of pattern matching. *Note literal::. '-S' '--sort' Before further processing, sort parse tree lexicographically in ascending order. '-m' '--matches=NUMBER' Output at most NUMBER matches for each key. '-p' '--parser=TYPE' Set parser type for the input file. The argument is one of: 'grecs', 'path', 'meta1', 'bind', 'dhcpd', and 'git' (case-insensitive). *Note Formats::, for a description of each type. '-r' '--reduce' Reduce the parse tree, so that each keyword occurs no more than once at each tree level. '-s PATH=VAL' '--set=PATH=VAL' Set a keyword PATH to VALUE. The produced parse tree node will be processed as usual. 5.4 Scripting Options ===================== The following options control the scripting facility of 'cfpeek'. '-e EXPRESSION' '--expression=EXPRESSION' Apply this expression to each node found. The global variable 'node' is set to the node being processed before evaluating. When used together with '--file=SCRIPT', the expression can refer to any variables and call any functions defined in the SCRIPT file. '-f FILE' '--file=FILE' Load the script FILE. Unless '--expression' is also given, the script must define the function named 'cfpeek' which takes a node as its only argument. This function will be called for each matching node. If '--expression' is given, this behavior is suppressed. It is then the responsibility of the expression to call any functions defined in this file. '-i EXPR' '--init=EXPR' The '--init=EXPR' ('-i EXPR') option provides an initialization expression EXPR. This expression is evaluated once, after loading the script file, if one is specified, and before starting the main loop. '-l SCRIPT-LANGUAGE' '--lang=SCRIPT-LANGUAGE' Select scripting language to use. This option is reserved for further use. As of version 1.2, the only possible value for SCRIPT-LANGUAGE is 'scheme'. 5.5 Preprocessor Control Options ================================ The options described below control the preprocessor facility. They are meaningful only for 'GRECS' and 'BIND' configuration files. Preprocessor is not used for another configuration file formats. '-DNAME[=VALUE]' '--define=NAME[=VALUE]' Define the preprocessor symbol NAME as having VALUE, or empty. *Note Preprocessor::. '-I DIR' '--include-directory=DIR' Add DIR to include search path. *Note #include: Pragmatic Comments. '-N' '--no-preprocessor' Disable preprocessor. *note Preprocessor::. '-P COMMAND' '--preprocessor=COMMAND' Use COMMAND instead of the default preprocessor. *note Preprocessor::. 5.6 Debugging Options ===================== The options below enable trace output which helps understand how configuration parser works. They are mainly useful for 'cfpeek' developers. '-X' '--debug-lexer' Trace configuration file lexer. '-x' '--debug-parser' Trace configuration file parser. 5.7 Informational Options ========================= '--help' '-h' Print a concise usage summary and exit. '--usage' Print a summary of command line syntax and exit. '--version' '-v' Print the program version and exit. 6 Exit Codes ************ When cfpeek terminates, it reports the result of its invocation via its exit code. Exit code of 0 indicates normal termination. Exit code 1 indicates that not all search keys has been found. Exit codes greater than 1 indicate various error conditions. The exact cause of failure is reported on the standard error. The exit codes are as follows: 2 Error parsing the input file. 3 Script failure. 64 The command was used incorrectly, e.g., with the wrong number of arguments, a bad option, a bad syntax in a parameter, or whatever. 69 The requested script file does not exist, contains syntax errors, or cannot be parsed for whatever other reason. 70 An internal software error has occurred. Please, report it, along with any error diagnostics produced by the program, if you ever stumble upon this error code. *Note Reporting Bugs::, for detailed instructions. 78 The script file parses correctly, but does not define all the symbols required by 'cfpeek'. 7 Scripting *********** This chapter describes the Scheme functions available for use in 'cfpeek' scripts. For an introduction to 'cfpeek' scripting facility, see *note Scripts::. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node? obj Returns '#t' if OBJ is a valid tree node. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-root node Returns the topmost node that can be traced up from NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-head node Returns the first node having the same parent and located on the same nesting level as NODE. I.e. the following always holds true: (let ((head (grecs-node-head node))) (and (eq? (grecs-node-up node) (grecs-node-up head)) (not (grecs-node-prev? head)))) -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-tail node Returns the last node having the same parent and located on the same nesting level as node. In other words, the following relation is always '#t': (let ((tail (grecs-node-tail node))) (and (eq? (grecs-node-up node) (grecs-node-up tail)) (not (grecs-node-next? tail)))) -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-up? node Return true if NODE has a parent node. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-up node Return parent node of NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-down? node Returns '#t' if NODE has child nodes. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-down node Returns the first child node of NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-next? node Returns '#t' if NODE is followed by another node on the same nesting level. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-next node Returns the node following NODE on the same nesting level. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-prev? node Returns '#t' if NODE is preceded by another node on the same nesting level. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-prev node Returns the node preceding NODE on the same nesting level. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-ident node Returns identifier of the node NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-ident-locus node [full] Returns locus of the NODE's identifier. Returned value is a cons whose parts depend on FULL, which is a boolean value. If FULL is '#f', which is the default, then returned value is a cons: (FILE-NAME . LINE-NUMBER) Oherwise, if FULL is '#t', the function returns the locations where the node begins and ends: ((BEG-FILE-NAME BEG-LINE BEG-COLUMN) . (END-FILE-NAME END-LINE END-COLUMN)) -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-path-list node Returns the full path to the node, converted to a list. Each list element corresponds to a subnode identifier. A subnode which has a tag is represented by a cons, whose car contains the subnode identifier, and cdr its value. For example, the following path: .foo.bar=x.baz is represented as '("foo" ("bar" . "x") "baz") -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-path node [delim] Returns the full path to the NODE (a string). -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-type node Returns the type of the node. The following constants are defined: grecs-node-root The node is a root node. The following is always '#t': (and (= (grecs-node-type node) grecs-node-root) (not (grecs-node-up? node)) (not (grecs-node-prev? node))) grecs-node-stmt The node is a simple statement. The following is always '#t': (and (= (grecs-node-type node) grecs-node-stmt) (not (grecs-node-down? node))) grecs-node-block The node is a block statement. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-has-value? node Returns '#t' if NODE has a value. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-value node Returns the value of NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-value-locus node [full] Returns locus of the NODE's value. Returned value is a cons whose parts depend on FULL, which is a boolean value. If FULL is '#f', which is the default, then returned value is a cons: (FILE-NAME . LINE-NUMBER) Oherwise, if FULL is '#t', the function returns the locations where the node begins and ends: ((BEG-FILE-NAME BEG-LINE BEG-COLUMN) . (END-FILE-NAME END-LINE END-COLUMN)) -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-node-locus node [full] Returns source location of the NODE. Returned value is a cons whose parts depend on FULL, which is a boolean value. If FULL is '#f', which is the default, then returned value is a cons: (FILE-NAME . LINE-NUMBER) Oherwise, if FULL is '#t', the function returns the locations where the node begins and ends: ((BEG-FILE-NAME BEG-LINE BEG-COLUMN) . (END-FILE-NAME END-LINE END-COLUMN)) -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-find-node node path Returns the first node whose path is PATH. Starts search from NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-match-first node pattern Returns the first node whose path matches PATTERN. The search is started from NODE. -- Scheme Procedure: grecs-match-next node NODE must be a node returned by a previous call to 'grecs-match-first' or 'grecs-match-next'. The function returns next node matching the initial pattern, or '#f' if no more matches are found. For example, the following code iterates over all nodes matching PATTERN: (define (iterate-nodes root pattern thunk) (do ((node (grecs-match-first root pattern) (grecs-match-next node))) ((not node)) (thunk node))) 8 How to Report a Bug ********************* Please, report bugs and suggestions to . You hit a bug if at least one of the conditions below is met: * 'cfpeek' terminates on signal 11 (SIGSEGV) or 6 (SIGABRT). * 'cfpeek' terminates with exit code 70 (internal software error). * The program fails to do its job as described in this manual. If you think you've found a bug, please be sure to include maximum information available to reliably reproduce it, or at least to analyze it. The information needed is: * Version of the package you are using. * Command line options and input file (or files) used. * Conditions under which the bug appears. Any errors, typos or omissions found in this manual also qualify as bugs. Please report them, if you happen to find any. Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License ***************************************** Version 1.2, November 2002 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. 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Concept Index ************* This is a general index of all issues discussed in this manual * Menu: * #include: Pragmatic Comments. (line 745) * #include_once: Pragmatic Comments. (line 771) * #line: Pragmatic Comments. (line 776) * %, a wildcard: Patterns. (line 1131) * %, a wildcard <1>: Pattern Lookups. (line 355) * *, a wildcard: Patterns. (line 1139) * *, a wildcard <1>: Pattern Lookups. (line 359) * --file and --expression used together: Scripts. (line 534) * --file and --expression used together <1>: Invocation. (line 1115) * absolute pathname: Pathnames. (line 159) * bind configuration format: bind. (line 972) * block statement: Basic Notions. (line 121) * block statement <1>: Statements. (line 909) * boolean value: Statements. (line 813) * cfpeek, Scheme function: Scripting Options. (line 1279) * child: Nodes to Print. (line 440) * child <1>: Output Control. (line 1167) * child statement: Basic Notions. (line 132) * Comments in a configuration file: Comments. (line 722) * comments, pragmatic: Pragmatic Comments. (line 740) * compound statement: Basic Notions. (line 121) * configuration file statements: Statements. (line 794) * d, -d short option, described: Scripts. (line 553) * D, -D short option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1308) * debug-lexer, --debug-lexer option, summary: Debugging Options. (line 1335) * debug-parser, --debug-parser option, summary: Debugging Options. (line 1339) * default: Output Control. (line 1220) * define, --define option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1308) * delim: Output Control. (line 1195) * delim, format flag: Listing. (line 275) * descend: Listing. (line 268) * descend <1>: Output Control. (line 1218) * dhcpd configuration format: dhcpd. (line 1007) * done, --done option, described: Scripts. (line 553) * down: Nodes to Print. (line 428) * down <1>: Output Control. (line 1179) * e, -e short option, introduced: Scripts. (line 476) * e, -e short option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1270) * escape sequence: Statements. (line 821) * exit code: Exit Codes. (line 1360) * expression, --expression option, introduced: Scripts. (line 476) * expression, --expression option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1270) * f, -f short option, introduced: Scripts. (line 516) * f, -f short option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1277) * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: Copying This Manual. (line 1568) * file, --file option, introduced: Scripts. (line 516) * file, --file option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1277) * format, --format option, in statement look-ups: Lookups. (line 305) * format, --format option, introduced: Listing. (line 245) * format, --format option, summary: Output Control. (line 1157) * format, input: Formats. (line 689) * GIT Configuration Converter: Scripting Example. (line 560) * git configuration format: git. (line 1042) * globbing pattern: Pattern Lookups. (line 368) * globbing patterns: Patterns. (line 1144) * grecs configuration format: grecs. (line 698) * grecs-find-node: Scripting. (line 1522) * grecs-match-first: Scripting. (line 1526) * grecs-match-next: Scripting. (line 1530) * grecs-node-block: Scripting. (line 1489) * grecs-node-down: Scripting. (line 1428) * grecs-node-down <1>: Scripting Example. (line 570) * grecs-node-down?: Scripting. (line 1425) * grecs-node-has-value?: Scripting. (line 1492) * grecs-node-head: Scripting. (line 1400) * grecs-node-ident: Scripting. (line 1445) * grecs-node-ident-locus: Scripting. (line 1448) * grecs-node-locus: Scripting. (line 1510) * grecs-node-next: Scripting. (line 1435) * grecs-node-next <1>: Scripting Example. (line 570) * grecs-node-next?: Scripting. (line 1431) * grecs-node-path: Scripting. (line 1472) * grecs-node-path-list: Scripting. (line 1460) * grecs-node-prev: Scripting. (line 1442) * grecs-node-prev?: Scripting. (line 1438) * grecs-node-root: Scripting. (line 1397) * grecs-node-root <1>: Scripting. (line 1478) * grecs-node-stmt: Scripting. (line 1484) * grecs-node-tail: Scripting. (line 1409) * grecs-node-type: Scripting Example. (line 588) * grecs-node-type <1>: Scripting. (line 1475) * grecs-node-up: Scripting. (line 1422) * grecs-node-up?: Scripting. (line 1419) * grecs-node-value: Scripting. (line 1495) * grecs-node-value-locus: Scripting. (line 1498) * grecs-node?: Scripting. (line 1394) * Guile: Scripts. (line 466) * H, -H short option, in statement look-ups: Lookups. (line 305) * H, -H short option, introduced: Listing. (line 245) * H, -H short option, summary: Output Control. (line 1157) * h, -h short option, summary: Informational Options. (line 1346) * help, --help option, summary: Informational Options. (line 1346) * here-document: Statements. (line 853) * i, -i short option, described: Scripts. (line 549) * i, -i short option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1288) * I, -I short option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1313) * identifier: Basic Notions. (line 111) * include-directory, --include-directory option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1313) * init, --init option, described: Scripts. (line 549) * init, --init option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1288) * input formats: Parsers. (line 385) * input formats <1>: Formats. (line 689) * input parsers: Parsers. (line 385) * keyword: Basic Notions. (line 111) * L, -L short option, described: Pattern Lookups. (line 375) * L, -L short option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1234) * l, -l short option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1295) * lang, --lang option, summary: Scripting Options. (line 1295) * list: Statements. (line 893) * literal, --literal option, described: Pattern Lookups. (line 375) * literal, --literal option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1234) * locus: Output Control. (line 1202) * look-up key: Lookups. (line 294) * m, -m short option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1244) * m4: Preprocessor. (line 924) * matches, --matches option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1244) * MeTA1 configuration format: meta1. (line 1018) * multi-line comments: Comments. (line 730) * N, -N short option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1319) * never-quote: Output Control. (line 1213) * no-preprocessor, --no-preprocessor option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1319) * node: Scripting Options. (line 1272) * node, Guile variable: Scripts. (line 476) * nodefault: Output Control. (line 1220) * nodescend: Output Control. (line 1218) * nolocus: Output Control. (line 1202) * nonever-quote: Output Control. (line 1213) * nopath: Output Control. (line 1207) * noquote: Output Control. (line 1211) * noquote-hex: Output Control. (line 1215) * novalue: Output Control. (line 1209) * p, -p short option, described: Parsers. (line 385) * p, -p short option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1248) * P, -P short option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1323) * parent: Nodes to Print. (line 431) * parent <1>: Output Control. (line 1163) * parent statement: Basic Notions. (line 132) * parser, --parser option, described: Parsers. (line 385) * parser, --parser option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1248) * path: Output Control. (line 1207) * path configuration format: path. (line 950) * path, format flag: Listing. (line 251) * pathname: Pathnames. (line 143) * pathname, absolute: Pathnames. (line 159) * pathname, relative: Pathnames. (line 163) * pathname-value listing: Listing. (line 224) * pattern: Pattern Lookups. (line 355) * pattern <1>: Patterns. (line 1127) * pp-setup: Preprocessor. (line 935) * pragmatic comments: Pragmatic Comments. (line 740) * preprocessor: Preprocessor. (line 924) * preprocessor control: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1304) * preprocessor, --preprocessor option, summary: Preprocessor Control Options. (line 1323) * q, -q short option, described: Lookups. (line 315) * q, -q short option, summary: Output Control. (line 1224) * quiet, --quiet option, described: Lookups. (line 315) * quiet, --quiet option, summary: Output Control. (line 1224) * quote: Output Control. (line 1211) * quote-hex: Output Control. (line 1215) * quoted string: Statements. (line 821) * r, -r short option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1255) * reduce, --reduce option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1255) * relative pathname: Pathnames. (line 163) * root statement: Basic Notions. (line 137) * S, -S short option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1239) * s, -s short option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1260) * Scheme: Scripts. (line 466) * scripts: Scripts. (line 466) * search key: Lookups. (line 294) * section: Basic Notions. (line 121) * set, --set option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1260) * sibling: Nodes to Print. (line 443) * sibling <1>: Output Control. (line 1171) * simple statement: Basic Notions. (line 111) * simple statements: Intro. (line 59) * simple statements <1>: Statements. (line 794) * single-line comments: Comments. (line 722) * sort, --sort option, summary: Modifiers. (line 1239) * start-up scripts: Lookups. (line 321) * statement look-up: Lookups. (line 294) * statement, block: Statements. (line 909) * statement, simple: Statements. (line 794) * statement, subordinate: Basic Notions. (line 132) * statements, configuration file: Statements. (line 794) * string, quoted: Statements. (line 821) * string, unquoted: Statements. (line 817) * structured configuration file: Intro. (line 59) * subordinate statement: Basic Notions. (line 132) * substatement: Basic Notions. (line 132) * tag, in a compound statement: Basic Notions. (line 121) * up: Nodes to Print. (line 412) * up <1>: Output Control. (line 1175) * usage, --usage option, summary: Informational Options. (line 1350) * V, -V short option, summary: Informational Options. (line 1353) * value: Listing. (line 268) * value <1>: Basic Notions. (line 111) * value <2>: Output Control. (line 1209) * version, --version option, summary: Informational Options. (line 1353) * wildcards: Patterns. (line 1127) * X, -X short option, summary: Debugging Options. (line 1335) * x, -x short option, summary: Debugging Options. (line 1339) * X-resources: path. (line 950)